The Effect Of Gestational Age And Gender On Fetal And...

A study conducted on Wistar rats at two time points in late gestation investigating the impact of gestational age and gender on fetal and placental weight. This study demonstrated that fetal and placental weight increased significantly between days 16 and 21 of gestation whereas gender showed minimal effect on growth. Introduction Fetal development during pregnancy is predominantly related to the placenta and its function in fetal-maternal exchange (Ishikawa et al. 2006). Alterations in the interactions between the fetus and maternal uterine environment thus permit for the modification in fetal growth. In addition, the placenta also acts as an endocrine organ that produces hormones necessary for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy as well as fetal growth and wellbeing (Malassine, Frendo Evain-Brion 2003). Literature suggests fetal growth relies on the mobilisation of maternal nutrients, which involves placental growth hormone and that dysregulation of the hormone may have an adverse impact on fetal growth (Newbern Freemark 2011). The placenta consists of two distinct regions, which are the junctional (JZ) and labyrinth (LZ) zones that differ in morphological and functional terms (Ishikawa et al. 2006). This complexity therefore reflects the placenta as a highly specialised unit required for the ex change of gases, nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus as alluded to earlier. The interrelationship between the fetus and placenta has been madeShow MoreRelatedBirth Weight Is An Essential Organ Known For Synthesising Growth And Fetal Development1513 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth and fetal development throughout gestation. The placenta is made up of two morphologically and functionally distinct zonal layers, the junctional (JZ) and labyrinth zone (LZ). The JZ is made up of trophohoblasts and maternal blood vessels but no fetal vessel, and is the major site for the production of hormones (Choi et al. 2005). The LZ on the other hand is too made up of trophoblast cells but also both maternal and fetal vessels and is thus, the major site for maternal-fetal exchange (WaddellRead MoreL D Clinical Rotation Worksheet1408 Words   |  6 PagesStudent: Monica Cooks Date: 10/24/12 Faculty: Kellea Rounds Vaginal Delivery C-section Delivery (circle one) Client’s Initials: JJ Age: 38 G4 T3 P0 A0 L3 (on admission) EDD: 5/12/13 Date of Delivery: 3/19/13 Gestational Age at delivery: 32 Weeks Date of Admission: 3/19/13 Allergies: No known Allergies (NKA) Significant Past OB/Medical/Surgical History: G4 P3003 (4 Gestations, 3 Full Term, 0 Preterm,Read More Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1951 Words   |  8 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Many studies have established that a developing organism is susceptible to exogenous and endogenous factors during certain stage of the organism’s development. The effects of ethyl alcohol or ethanol on the developing fetus, which manifest a variety of characteristic abnormalities, are collectively called Fetal alcohol Syndrome. Ethanol exposure to the fetus causes various malformation ranging from the cellular to the organismic levels with the eventual results frequentlyRead MoreSexual Violence And The Pregnancy2584 Words   |  11 Pagesviolence committed by an intimate male partner such as a husband, boyfriend, or common law partner that are inflicted on a pregnant woman. Intimate partner violence can affect women during pregnancy and during the postnatal period with devastating effects on both the women and the unborn child. Domestic violence against women is more common during pregnancy than with other life complications such as preeclampsia and diabetes mellitus (Mezey, 1997). Research estimates that intimate partner violenceRead MoreThe Nutritional And Health Status Of Women2263 Words   |  10 Pagesnutritional and health status of women, both in adolescence and the pregnancy stage, as well as during pregnancy are important indicators of complications during pregnancy, childbirth and thereafter, as well as of peri-and neo-natal mortality and low weight. Although poor distribution of resources-whether due to harsh geographical or climate condition in a region, or due to poverty resulting from a lack of purchasing power-contributes greatly to the severe imbalance of diets, tabools placed on food forRead MoreSmoking Cessation Of Pregnancy : Review Of Current Strategies9414 Words   |  38 Pages20 years old and those greater than 35 years old [4] Studies have shown various characteristics that are predictive of smoking during pregnancy. Maternal demographics that have been linked to increased success of smoking cessation include maternal age, primi-parity, being married or living with a partner, higher level of education and employment status [5,6,7]. The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy has been established to be inversely proportional to the level of income [3,4,5,8] Higgins et

How Is Unemployment Measured - 824 Words

How is Unemployment Measured? The method used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for determination of unemployment is closely based from the guidelines of the International Labour Organization. Monthly, the ABS conducts the Labour Force Survey from a sample of appropriately 0.33 per cent of the population aged 15 years and over. A person is considered unemployed if he is looking for a job, on a temporary layoff, or is waiting to start a new job. This excludes institutionalised people, overseas residents, members of permanent defence forces and certain diplomatic personnel. (ABS, Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2013) Generally, the unemployment rate is a good indicator of labour market conditions. When unemployment is dropping, often this is the result of more spending and faster economic growth. (Morris, 2012) Causes of Unemployment There are two main types of factors affecting the level of unemployment in Australia. When the national expenditure (aggregate demand) and production (gross domestic product) levels are frail as occurs during recessions or depressions, weak aggregate demand-side conditions happens causing cyclical unemployment. It vanishes when the economy is strong. Due to cyclical plummet in total spending on Australian production, sales of goods and services are depressed causing the level of unsold business stocks to rise. Eventually, firms decides to cut output levels to prevent surplus/overproduction. As a result, demandShow MoreRelatedEconomics Is All About The Allocation, Unemployment, Economic Growth And The Value Of The Dollar1487 Words   |  6 Pagesallocation resources and choices individuals, businesses and governments make. Economics decides how much goods and services are bought and sold for, how many people have jobs, how much a currency is worth and much much more. At the moment Au stralia s economy is healthy and isn t too far below or above other countries.This essay will discuss Australia s economic mechanisms such as inflation, unemployment, economic growth and the value of the dollar. It will then compare them historically to the USRead MoreIs The United States Economy Doing Well Since The Great Recession? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesStates in a given time period. Good economic growth can be measured by the rate of growth of the GDP. The third goal seeks price stability. Is the value of the dollar inflating, deflating, or staying constant? If the answers to these questions are positive, then it can be stated that our economy is in good shape. We can gauge approximately how well the people in our economy are doing by measuring the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the percentage of people who are unemployed dividedRead MoreThe Correlation Between Unemployment And Inflation1506 Words   |  7 PagesBoth unemployment and inflation are two important components when it comes to studying an entire economy and it is also very easy to get those statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which is a governmental statistical organization that gathers, processes, analyzes, and broadcasts important statistical figures to the American public, the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, State and local governments, business, and labor. The Bureau Labor of Statistics also assists as a statisticalRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthe two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelations among the different sectors of the economy, to better understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation,savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomicsRead MoreReal Gross Domestic Product Of The United States And United Kingdom1671 Words   |  7 PagesGross Domestic Product is the measure of the economy’s output of goods and services over a specific period of time. It is usually measured in comparison to the GDP’s of previous years. For instance, if a year-to-year Gross Domestic Product goes up by 2 percent, it is said that the economy has grown by 2 percent. On a more basic level, Gross Domestic Product can be measured by adding everyone’s earni ngs in a year or what everyone spent. This is known as the income approach and the expenditure approachRead MoreEconomic Growth Of The Uk Economy1707 Words   |  7 Pagesa sustained increase in the general price level, leading to a fall in the purchasing power of money. It is measured in two different ways, through the Retail Price Index (RPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The difference between the two is that the RPI takes into account different things compared to the CPI, such as housing costs. Currently, inflation was at 0.3% in January, measured by the CPI, with the target level being 2%. This fell from 0.5% in December due to ‘Cheaper fuel and lowerRead MoreUnemployment : Unemployment And Unemployment1573 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION What is unemployment? Unemployment happens when a man who is effectively looking for employment is not able to find some kind of employment. Unemployment is regularly utilised as a measure of the economy’s wellbeing. The most regularly referred to gauge of unemployment is the unemployment rate. This is the quantity of unemployed persons divided by the quantity of individuals in the work force. The unemployed are those individuals capable, accessible and willing to work at the goingRead MoreBusiness Btec Level 3 Unit 381469 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Environment The economy of each country has features that could be measured in different ways to see how they are changing. The economic environment of countries has an effect on countries due to the trading between countries affecting the money coming in and out of the country which then affects the cost of goods and prices. The economic environment would affect jaguar land rover as the goods and prices will have been affected. By this happening it would result in the prices of the carsRead MoreThe Impact Of Economics On The Ontario Government1046 Words   |  5 PagesThe performance of economies can be measured in many different ways and is measured by many people and institutions. Economies can be rated as performing well or poorly based on the macroeconomic and monetary policies, who is in charge, what the rest of the world is doing and so on. â€Å"Macroeconomics is about many different markets interacting with each other as a whole† (DPE 4). Ontario is an example of an economy that has many macroeconomic markets that are always interacting with each other. ManyRead MoreEconomic Growth Between Emerging And Developed Economics Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesand Japan. Emerging countries can be identifying with rapid growth rate and development but lower per capita than developed countries, na mely Brazil, Russia, India, and China, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain. The economic growth of countries can be measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This essay is going to find out â€Å"What are the main reasons behind different rate of economic growth in emerging and developed economics in last 15 years?† In hear I selected five emerging and five developed

Third World and People Free Essays

Academic Skills Research Essay Sl. No. | Essay Topics| Members| 1| Human beings do not need to eat meat in order to maintain good health because they can get all their food needs from meatless products and meatless substances. We will write a custom essay sample on Third World and People or any similar topic only for you Order Now A vegetarian diet is as healthy as a diet containing meat. Argue for or against the opinion above. | | 2| Forests are the lungs of the earth. Destruction of the world’s forests amounts to death of the world we currently know. To what extent do you agree or disagree? | 3| To what extent will migration from the developing world to the developed world become a social and political issue in the 21st century? | | 4| In Britain, when someone gets old, they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons. | | | | | 5| Telecommuting’ refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. How do you think society will be affected by the growth of telecommuting? | | 6| In some countries the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer. | | 7| To what extent should economic planning be influenced by the need of environmental conservation? | 8| Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. | | 9| The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use their cars less and public trans port more. Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport. | | 10| The idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer. | | 11| Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting Write an essay expressing your point of view. Give reasons for your answer. | 12| The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping people’s ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. | | 13| Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries but its disadvantages should not be overlooked. What are some of the problems of tourism? | | 14| Should developing countries concentrate on impr oving industrial skills or should they promote education first? | | 15| Safety standards are important when building people’s homes. Who should be responsible for enforcing strict building codes – the government or the people who build the homes? | | 16| Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of giving international aid to poor countries. | | 17| Should criminals be punished with lengthy jail terms or re-educated and rehabilitated using community service programs for instance, before being reintroduced to society? | | 18| In most countries disabled people are not catered for adequately, e. g. buildings are often inappropriately designed. Governments rely too heavily on charities and voluntary organizations to provide assistance and funding. What further measures could be taken to assist disabled people? | | 19| In your opinion should government intervene in the rights of the individual with regard to family planning? | | 20| To what extent should university courses be geared to the economic needs of society? | | 21| Many people think that nowadays people are being subjected to more and more pressure in their work, and thus are having less and less time to relax. What is your opinion? | | 22| With the increasing popularity of computers and calculators, student literacy is decreasing dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the progress of science and technology has brought about? | | 23| In the past, buildings often reflected the culture of a society but today all modern buildings look alike and cities throughout the world are becoming more and more similar. What do you think is the reason for this, and is it a good think or a bad think? You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples. | | 24| The earth is being filled with waste material such as plastic bags and other rubbish. Is this really happening? What are some solutions to this problem? Gives reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. | | 25| The wealth gap between 1st world countries and 3rd world countries seems to be increasing. How can we reduce this gap? Do you think that developed countries have a duty to assist developing countries in every way? | | 26| Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. | | 27| Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference. | | 28| Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. | | 29| Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests, animals, or clean water. Choose one resource that is disappearing and explain why it needs to be saved. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. | | 30| A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position. | 31| The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion. | | 32| Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very earl y age and should spend most of their time on school studies. Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why? | | How to cite Third World and People, Essay examples

Global Business Strategy-Free-Samples for Students- Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Global Business Strategy. Answer: Predominantly, geographical structures have operational and strategic merits .From the geographical organizational structure, close consumer communication and better satisfaction of local consumer needs (Business Organisational structure, n. d.).Also, there is the ability to operate different divisions in different physical locations thus meeting the local needs of the market and at the same time running a functional enterprise. In the Bayer scenario, there are various divisions of the company in different physical locations but they are functionally operated by the same Bayer Policy. However, this organizational structure leads to extra expenses going to duplicated resources, employment opportunities, functionality among other factors. Same can be said for Bayer Company had contemplated shutting down one of its divisions owing to cost cutting due to the duplicity of functionality and the additional cost of running it. Advantages and Disadvantages of a matrix structure Through this structure of the organization, integration of objectives, project, and functional as possible as was the case in Bayer BMA NA. The CEO-led team found another way instead of shutting down the company in a bid to minimize the costs. However, matrix organizational structure has potential adverse effects .Specifically, in this case, Babe, the C.E.O of the BMS NA had to reconstitute his team that came up with the proposal to save the division. Under Matric Organizational structure, there might be as structural collapse which is similar to what happened in the Bayer case.Gleeson,2018).In addition, there was an increment in the management cost.In this case, Babe needed a 70m(USD) injection to aid his plan to save the BMS NA division. Also, Babe and his team faced difficulties from the Bayer group top leadership who considered their proposal as deviating from the company norms which is a typical disadvantage of matrix organizational structure. Emerging Markets In the event that is a private equity investor, my targets would be companies with goods or services that are highly competitive.In addition, I would look out for companies with a huge capability of growing or expanding due to the fact that they are likely to get better returns following a substantial investment. Also, I would aspire to work with a company with highly qualified and stable team as part of its management. A stable and qualified management team is likely to produce better outcomes as compared to the reverse combination. In addition, I would target firms with advanced technology in their operations due to the likelihood of producing better products and offer services at considerably affordable prices as compared to a firm with traditional production methods In the event that is approached by a private equity company, as C.E.O, I would first explore options available to my company such as buy to sell option. In addition, I would consider whether a flexibility in ownership might have better outcomes (Barber Goold, 2007).Secondly, I would consider the possibility of a merger and acquisitions. Also, I would consider the private equity firm with a highly substantive equity. In addition, I would conduct a thorough research on the potential private equity company on its financial status, a record of performance with previous companies and its position in the market before I decide on a private equity investment. It is imperative as a C.E.O of a company to exercise due diligence in the vetting of potential investors to ensure you acting in the best interest of the company. References Barber, F, and Goold, M. (2007).The Strategic Secret of Private Equity. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2007/09/the-strategic-secret-of-private-equity Business Organizational structure. (N. d). No business Info.CO.Uk .Retrieved from https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/organisational-structure-geographical-area Gleeson, P. (2018).Advantages Disadvantages of Matrix Organizational Structure in Business Organizations. Chron. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-matrix-organizational-structures-business-organizations-26350.html Private Equity Investment Criteria. (N. d).Street of walls. Retrieved from https://www.streetofwalls.com/finance-training-courses/private-equit

Matthew Nestasia Essays (309 words) - Law Enforcement, Prevention

Matthew Nestasia Police Operations What does it take to be a good police officer? In my opinion a good officer should show his or her community that they're there to protect them and aid them. In order for an officer to properly demonstrate this to their community they'll need certain characteristics to back them up. To start, they'll need to be compassionate, most officers have on some level compassion or else they wouldn't have become a cop. When it comes down to it a police officer is a person with the ability and desire to help people when they need it, compassion is a necessity. Having compassion also shows the community that cops aren't just here to write out speeding tickets, they're here to help you. A skill that a good cop needs is attention to detail; officers need to have the ability to think on the fly at a moment's notice. For example a detective needs to have developed this skill greatly, or else they could miss a key piece of evidence and likely end up with unsolved cases or guilty men walkin g out of the court room as innocent. Now paired with attention to detail officers should have critical thinking skills. If you as a cop is out on patrol and drive by a playground when you notice there are a lot of older kids doing something suspicious, cops need to be able to assess the situation and act accordingly. In conclusion police officers require many skills and traits in order for them to be a good cop. It is also important to have good relations with the citizens in the area you, as an officer, will be patrolling frequently. Although situations may come by that require force, cops should not be looked at with hate or anger for trying to resolve to conflict.

Sun Tzu And Carl Von Clausewitz Essays - Carl Von Clausewitz

Sun Tzu And Carl Von Clausewitz Essays - Carl Von Clausewitz Sun Tzu And Carl Von Clausewitz Sun Tzu and Carl von Clausewitz both theorized on the strategies, influences, and effects of war. Sun Tzu sees it with an idealistic outlook, believing that war has requirements and predictable outcomes. Clausewitz, on the other hand, thinks that war is more enigmatic and susceptible to chance and happenstance. Both realize that war is a political action of the state with a political purpose. Clausewitz states that war is an extension of politics by other means. As in politics, the outcome is not always certain; there is a sort of enshrouding fog that always conceals the exact characteristics of a situation. This element of uncertainty is key in Clausewitzs philosophy; he believes strongly that war is in large part determined by chance and possibility, that the individual nature of war makes it inherently unpredictable. Clausewitz feels that war is at its most basic level, an individual activity. The commander is obviously the lead individual in an army, and it is often a question of his moral, physical, and psychological capacities as to whether an army can be victorious. These qualities must also trickle down through the ranks to the corpsman, for they are the ones who fight. These military virtues of an army are all-important, whether a nation wins or loses if often determined by the spirit of the army. If morale is low, a force cannot win. A defeat causes a loss of self-confidence, and this in turn leads to fear, a horribly destructive element for an army to have. Thus it is the morale of the troops that greatly affects their performance. The commanders skill is also of paramount significance. A general cannot be weak, he must be strong for to lead the troops into battle; he must present an air of confidence that inspires the army. The general, as well as the troops, must be experienced. The commander must be intelligent and knowledgeable of the terrain, weather, the enemy, every aspect of the engagement. A commanders most dangerous weakness is cowardice, for this gives way to rashness, foolishness, and vanity. Thus Clausewtitz believes that war is greatly dependent on the individual. While Clausewitz stresses the individual, the most important element of war is chance. There are always uncertainties in war which cannot be accounted for and must be handled. If a commander or army lacks some of the military virtues, it must make up for them in other ways: simplicity or size. When an army cannot fulfill all of these virtues, it must rely somewhat on chance to swing in its favor. Clausewitz says that there is a fog in war which covers the predictable situation and conceals some influencing elements. If a commander is to win a war, this fog must lift, so that he can view the situation with perfect clarity, or he must be able to adapt to an unexpected situation that may arise. The interaction between all of the individuals in a force is a breeding ground for chance. Disease may suddenly spread throughout the army, or a fight may break out between two people or two factions within the army. Or something may occur which serves to lifts the troops spirits and helps them win an important battle, thereby turning the war. Chance is also revealed in the structure of alliances. As Clausewitz believes that war is a means to a political end, he knows that an alliance is really an agreement between nations for the protection of self-interests. A country will pledge no more than the bare minimum of troops or supplies when its own interests are not at stake. Only when two nations share a common interest, will an alliance succeed to its fullest potential. Chance is an extremely important element of war. Clausewitz believes that not all events can be anticipated and that there is a general disorder in war which must be expected. When the fighting becomes most severe, communication lines will be severed, between an army and a nation, or between a general and his troops. In such situations, only the intellect and experience of the individual will aid victory. Clausewitz states that there are certain elements that a commander must understand if

A.Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide(CO2)and produces Lab Report

A.Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide(CO2)and produces oxygen(O2).Brespiration consumes oxygen(O2) and produces carbon dioxide(CO2)as a byproduct - Lab Report Example It takes place in the mitochondria and the by-products are CO2, H2O and energy. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis relates in that the by-products of each process is a raw material for the other process. The major purpose of the experiment is to determine that photosynthesis consumes CO2 and produces O2 as a by-product while cellular respiration consumes O2 and produces Co2 as a by-product. In photosynthesis experiment, five 50ml test tube were labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using wax pencil. A piece of Elodea plant was placed in tube 1-4 while except 5. Tubes were filled to the brim with 7.0 pH phenol red solution and then each tube was plugged with a rubber stopper. The surfaces of the tubes were wiped with paper towel. Tube 2 then wrapped using two sheets of cellophane, tube 3 wrapped using 2 sheets of green cellophane while tube 4 wrapped with one sheet of aluminium foil and tube 1 and 5 were not wrapped. The tubes were placed under bright white light for 11/2 hours and colour changes noted in each tube. In respiration experiment, goldfish was placed in a 50ml tube containing water with normal conditions for fish. The temperature of water was measured and the number of breaths of the fish per 60sec recorded. Tap water was poured into 600ml beaker and tube with the fish was transferred into the beaker. Small pieces of ice were added one by one to the beaker until the tem perature drops to 100C then process stopped and number of breaths recorded. More ice was added until the temperature drops to 50C then cold water was changed and the procedure above repeated for the temperature of 210C and 250C. The colour of the phenol red turned to orange in all the tubes since the CO2 was absorbed from the environment within the enclosed tubes to react with water thus forming weak acid of pH around neutral hence the orange colour. But since tube 1 had all the factors responsible for